The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Energy Conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The change in the internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.
Laminar Flow: In laminar flow, the fluid flows in smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing between them. It occurs at low velocities and is characterized by a Reynolds number (Re) below 2000. Turbulent Flow: In turbulent flow, the fluid moves chaotically with irregular fluctuations and mixing. This type of flow occurs at higher velocities, and the Reynolds number is above 4000. It is more complex and has a higher drag than laminar flow.
Hooke’s Law states that the force exerted by a spring is directly proportional to the displacement from its equilibrium position. The law is mathematically expressed as:
Heat: Heat is a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a temperature difference. It is measured in joules (J) or calories (cal). Temperature: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. It determines the direction of heat flow but is not a form of energy itself. It is measured in degrees Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or Kelvin (K).
Tensile Stress: The stress that results from a material being pulled apart (stretching). Compressive Stress: The stress that results from a material being compressed or squished. Shear Stress: The stress that occurs when forces are applied parallel to a material’s surface, causing the material to slide. Bending Stress: Stress experienced by a material when it is subjected to bending forces.
The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used in steam power plants to convert heat into mechanical work. It consists of four main processes: Isentropic compression: Water is compressed in a pump. Isobaric heat addition: Water is heated at constant pressure in a boiler. Isentropic expansion: The steam expands in a turbine, doing work. Isobaric heat rejection: The steam is cooled and condensed in a condenser.
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